Saylor等。（1999）：同时进行有效性分析，以50名儿童进行评估，以获得可能的性滥用受害。已发现PED分数与相关措施的分数相关联。总Peds和作用出分数与ECBI（r = .62，p <.001和r = .86，p <.001）相关。用Peds焦虑/撤回和恐惧因素和ecbi（r = .42，p <.32，p <.32，p <.32，p <.04，分别是较小的相关性的相关性。这将是预期的，鉴于ecbi不衡量内部化/焦虑症状。总计pedwas significantly correlated with PTSD symptoms assessed using the parents’ report on the Reaction Index (r=.62, p<.001) as was the Fearful factor (r=.59, p<.001), and the Anxious/Withdrawn Factor (r=.62, p<.001). The Talk/Play factor, however, was not related to the Reaction Index scores or to the ECBI. 1. In a study examining the effects of indirect exposure to the 9-11 attacks (Saylor, Cowart, Lipovsky, Jackson, & Finch (2003), PEDS total scores were related to exposure to negative media images (r=.23 p<.002) and positive media images (r=.22, p<.002). The PTSD subscale of the PEDS was also related to exposure to negative and positive media images (r=.24, p<.001 and r=.29, p<.001, respectively). 2. Page, & Nooe (1999) reported that homeless children scored higher compared to norms (with numbers >1 SD above mean). In this sample, they reported significant correlations among scales (with the exception of the Fearful scale, which did not have good internal consistency and was not used)?????: Anxiety and Acting Out (r=.58, p<.01), Acting Out and Total (r=.92, p<.01), and Total and Anxiety (r=.78, p<.01). A composite risk index was significantly related to PEDS Anxiety (r=.51, p<.01) and Total (r=.40, p<.05) scores, with demographic variables controlled. PEDS scores were significantly related to variables associated with being homeless, with all scores related to the number of cities in which the family had lived, and the Anxiety scale significantly correlated with the number of schools the child had attended (r=.49, p<.01). The measure has been used in a large study examining 1,739 children’s exposure to community violence. Of the 565 children for whom demographics were available: 35% African American, 23.6% Caucasian, 34% unknown. Age: 32.2% age 5 or under. Children were referred to the Children Who Witness Violence Program of Cuyahoga County, Ohio, for evaluation and services following exposure to violence. Violence included domestic violence (87%) and much smaller numbers for other violence including homicide, shooting, completed suicide, and sexual assault. Clinicians and caregivers completed the PEDS and both groups reported that high percentages of children aged 2-7 were experiencing clinically significant levels of anxiety (92% of clinicians and 85% of caregivers). In addition, both rated “8 of every 10 children to have clinically significant problems with acting out behavior.” 3. The PEDS has been shown to differentiate between different groups of children including trauma-exposed and non-trauma-exposed children (Saylor et al., 1999) and children with different types of trauma (Stokes et al., 1995). Swenson et al., (1996) compared preschoolers who experienced a Class IV hurricane 14 months earlier to peers with no history of exposure to natural disaster. Hurricane-exposed children showed significantly higher behavior problems, anxiety, and withdrawal. Stokes et al. (1995) compared PEDS scores for children who had experienced possible sexual abuse, a Class IV hurricane, severe negative life events, or no trauma. Children with possible sexual abuse had the highest scores on all PEDS subscales. Those with negative life events or exposure to a hurricane had higher scores than those with no known trauma. 4. Swenson, Brown, & Sheidow (2003) studied 37 children aged 6-13 (M=9.5, SD=2.1) with substantiated cases of physical abuse. 54% were female, 46% male; 62% were African American, 32% were Caucasian. Over time, significant reductions were found for PEDS scores and for scores on the Children’s Depression Inventory and Child Behavior Checklist, regardless of whether the child had received treatment. FACTOR ANALYSES (Saylor et al., 1999) Principal components analysis with an oblique rotation of the first 17 items of the scale suggested three factors based on the interpretability and simplicity of the structure. All factors had eigen values >1.5. The factors were labeled: 1) Acting Out, 2) Fearful, and 3) Anxious/Withdrawn. The full scale (all 21 items) was factor analyzed using data from trauma-exposed children (the Hurricane and Children’s Evaluation Center samples described under “Population Used to Develop Measure”). The authors report that for nontrauma- exposed children, parents did not complete the additional 4 trauma items and so were not included in this analysis. The factor analysis yielded identical factors for the 17 items. Two of the trauma items loaded on a fourth factor, labeled Talk/Play. One trauma item (“Avoids talking about the traumatic event when asked”) loaded on the Anxious/Withdrawn factor, and the other (“Seems fearful of things that are reminders of the trauma”) loaded on the Fearful factor.